GUWAHATI: Sparrow populations, particularly in urban areas like Guwahati, have been falling, raising concerns among ecologists and conservationists along with the general population. Several studies have examined the causes of this decline and the implications of losing these birds, which play a significant role in maintaining ecological balance.
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Recent research indicates that while house sparrows (Passer domesticus) remain relatively common in Guwahati, there is a discernible decline in their numbers. A systematic study conducted by the Wildlife Institute of India found approximately 400,000 sparrows in the city, primarily house sparrows, but noted that their abundance is influenced by urbanisation and habitat changes. The study highlighted that house sparrows tend to thrive in moderately urbanised areas, but decline sharply in highly urbanised settings where natural vegetation is scarce.
The decline of sparrow populations can be attributed to several interrelated factors:
-Urbanisation: The rapid transformation of landscapes into concrete structures has eliminated traditional nesting sites for sparrows. Modern buildings often lack the nooks and crannies that these birds need for nesting.
-Loss of Green Spaces: Urban development has led to a significant reduction in green cover, which is critical for sparrow foraging and nesting. The absence of gardens and natural habitats means fewer food sources and nesting opportunities.
-Pesticide Use: The increasing reliance on pesticides in agriculture has decimated insect populations, which are vital food sources for sparrows, particularly during the fledgling stage.
-Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR): Although recent studies indicate that EMR from telecommunications does not significantly impact sparrow populations directly, it remains a concern for other species. Nonetheless, urbanisation trends are more influential on sparrow abundance than EMR itself.
Sparrows are crucial for several ecological functions as they help regulate insect populations by feeding on pests, thereby contributing to agricultural health and biodiversity. Sparrows also play a role in pollination and dispersing seeds, which enhances plant diversity and ecosystem resilience. As indicators of environmental health, declines in sparrow populations can signal broader ecological issues that may affect other species and ecosystems.
World Sparrow Day is observed on March 20 to raise awareness about the plight of sparrows and promote conservation efforts. And 2025's theme emphasised their role as "Nature's Tiny Messengers," highlighting the need for protective measures. Initiatives such as installing bird feeders and nest boxes are being encouraged to support local sparrow populations.
Moreover, ongoing research aims to further understand the specific habitat requirements of sparrows in urban settings.
Talking to GPlus, a local ornithologist from Guwahati said, “It is disheartening how the numbers have dwindled over time. Such decline influences negative ecological influence as a whole.”
The decline of sparrow populations in Guwahati reflects broader environmental challenges posed by urbanisation, pesticide use, and habitat loss. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. By fostering awareness and implementing supportive measures, communities can help ensure that these vital birds continue to thrive alongside urban development.
