In January 2024, the natural beauty of Kaziranga National Park, nestled in the heart of Assam, became the stage for a breathtaking encounter with a rare and elusive creature – a golden tiger. As a wildlife photographer immortalised this extraordinary sight, the image of the golden tiger not only captivated onlookers but also revealed a fascinating exploration into the world of genetic mutations in the animal kingdom.
Kaziranga, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is renowned for its rich biodiversity, hosting an array of wildlife from the majestic Bengal tiger to the prehistoric-looking one-horned rhinoceros. However, the golden tiger, with its unique and captivating appearance, stole the spotlight, offering a glimpse into the natural marvels that thrive within this protected sanctuary.
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Talking to GPlus, Professor Jogen Chandra Kalita, Dean of Science and Head of the Zoology Department at Gauhati University, provided insights into the scientific nuances behind genetic mutations.
He emphasised that mutations are an inherent part of nature's evolutionary process, occurring through genetic factors that shape the diverse array of species coexisting in our ecosystems.
As the golden tiger became a symbol of the intricate dance between genetics and nature, concerns surfaced regarding the potential impacts of human activities and environmental changes on the delicate equilibrium of these ecosystems. Professor Kalita drew attention to historical events, such as the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, where long-lasting effects on genes and mutations were observed. This analogy highlighted the need for careful consideration of our actions in the natural world.
Discussing the broader implications of genetic mutations, Professor Kalita shared prospects into the delicate balance between successful adaptations and challenges faced by species in the wake of environmental shifts. From the use of chemicals in medicines to the role of microorganisms in the evolutionary process, the professor provided a comprehensive understanding of the intricate relationships shaping the genetic landscape.
Expanding on the idea of genetic modifications, the professor explained that "While some species successfully adapt, others face challenges that can lead to detrimental consequences." He drew a parallel to the human experience, noting that "Many pet animals today suffer from diseases undetectable through veterinary care, showcasing the nuanced interplay between genetic alterations and the environment."
He also added, "In the continuous process of evolution, humans, like all living beings, are the result of mutations from microorganisms. However, if mutations occur at an extreme level, it could pose a threat to the survival and existence of a species."
Talking to GPlus, Dr. Anindita Deka, Assistant Professor in the Department of Zoology at Arya Vidyapeeth College, added depth to the conversation by exploring the consequences of inbreeding within animal populations. Her expertise illuminated the potential threats posed by inbreeding, including the unmasking of deleterious recessive traits and a decrease in the biological fitness of populations.
She said, "Inbreeding results in unmasking of deleterious recessive traits, leading to a temporary decrease in biological fitness of a population by reducing reproductive efficiency or appearance of higher frequencies of hereditary abnormalities.
In a small endangered population, harmful genetic mutations resulting from inbreeding accumulate in the gene pool replacing the healthier one that can directly threaten extinction. Inbreeding can be due to depletion of habitats or environmental adversities. However, Inbreeding can be mitigated and managed with habitat improvement, overall environmental quality improvement and also by reintroduction of lost genes in the gene pool."
As environmentalists and researchers stated it to be a threat to the environment, Chief Conservator of Forests Dr Sonali Ghosh talking to GPlus said, "Mutations occur naturally in the wild and with the golden tiger it would be incorrect to conclude that it is due to inbreeding. A group of scientists from NCBS Bengaluru are investigating this further and results are awaited."