Guwahati, the largest city in Assam, India, has been grappling with severe flash flood issues for decades. These floods, often sudden and devastating, have significant impacts on the city’s infrastructure, economy, and residents’ lives. The problem has escalated in recent years due to rapid urbanization, inadequate drainage systems, and climate change.
Causes of Flash Floods in Guwahati
1. Rapid Urbanisation: The city’s rapid growth has led to the construction of buildings, roads, and other infrastructures, often without proper planning. This urban sprawl has resulted in the loss of natural water bodies and green spaces that used to absorb rainwater.
2. Inadequate Drainage System: Guwahati’s drainage system is outdated and insufficient to handle the volume of water during heavy rains. The lack of proper maintenance further exacerbates the problem.
3. Encroachment on Wetlands: Wetlands act as natural buffers against flooding. In Guwahati, many wetlands have been encroached upon for construction and other activities, reducing the city’s capacity to absorb excess rainwater.
4. Climate Change: Increased frequency and intensity of rainfall due to climate change have made flash floods more common in Guwahati.
5. Topography: The city’s topography, with its low-lying areas and proximity to the Brahmaputra River, makes it naturally prone to flooding.
Impact of Flash Floods
1. Economic Losses: Flash floods cause extensive damage to property, businesses, and infrastructure. According to a report by the Assam State Disaster Management Authority, the 2020 floods resulted in losses worth over Rs 200 crores.
2. Health Hazards: Floods lead to waterborne diseases, posing severe health risks to the population. During the 2019 floods, there was a significant increase in cases of dengue, malaria, and cholera.
3. Displacement: Every year, thousands of people are displaced due to floods. In 2021, around 50,000 people were affected and displaced from their homes due to flash floods in the city.
4. Disruption of Services: Floods disrupt essential services like water supply, electricity, and transportation, leading to chaos and hardship for residents.
Remedial Measures
1. Improving Drainage Infrastructure: Upgrading and expanding the city’s drainage system is crucial. Implementing advanced drainage technologies and regular maintenance can prevent waterlogging.
2. Restoration of Wetlands: Protecting and restoring wetlands can significantly enhance the city’s ability to manage floodwaters. The Assam government has initiated projects to rejuvenate some of these vital ecosystems.
3. Rainwater Harvesting: Encouraging rainwater harvesting in residential and commercial buildings can reduce the burden on the drainage system and help in managing excess rainwater.
4. Urban Planning: Implementing strict urban planning regulations to control unplanned construction and encroachment can mitigate the flood risk. The Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA) needs to enforce building codes and zoning laws strictly.
5. Community Awareness and Preparedness: Educating the public about flood risks and preparedness measures is essential. Community-based disaster management programs can enhance local resilience to floods.
6. Early Warning Systems: Developing and deploying advanced early warning systems for floods can help in timely evacuation and reducing casualties. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has been working on enhancing flood forecasting capabilities.
7. Climate Adaptation Strategies: Incorporating climate adaptation strategies into urban planning can help mitigate the long-term impacts of climate change. This includes designing flood-resilient infrastructure and promoting sustainable development practices.
Conclusion
The flash flood problem in Guwahati is a multifaceted issue requiring coordinated efforts from government agencies, urban planners, and the community. While the challenges are significant, the solutions are within reach. By improving infrastructure, restoring natural buffers, and enhancing preparedness, Guwahati can better manage its flood risks and build a more resilient future.
(The author is a writer, poet and people’s science activist. All views and opinions expressed are the author’s own.)
